■ 원인ㆍ이유ㆍ동기 표시
1. because of【직접적인 원인】【문두․문미】
=by reason of
=by reason (that) S ＋ V
“∼때문에”ㆍ“∼탓으로”
ex-1) He was discharged from the army because of his poor health.
ex-2) He closed the factory becuase of the fact that he had no funds.
ex-3) Becuase of to his careless driving, we had a bad accident.
=We had a bad accident, becuase of to his careless driving.
ex-4) Because of her age, she could not walk so fast.
그녀는 노령 탓으로 그렇게 빨리 걸을 수가 없었다.
2. on account of
“[어떤 이유] 때문에”ㆍ“∼까닭(탓)으로”ㆍ“∼으로”
ex-1) He was discharged from the army on account of his poor health.
ex-2) He closed the factory on account of the fact that he had no funds.
ex-3) The game was put off on account of rainy weather.
그 경기는 우천으로 연기되었다.
3. owing to【문두ㆍ문미】
“∼때문에”
ex-1) He was discharged from the army owing to his poor health.
ex-2) He closed the factory owing to the fact that he had no funds.
ex-3) Owing to his careless driving, we had a bad accident.
=We had a bad accident, owing to his careless driving.
ex-3) Owing to a heavy snowfall the train was delayed.
폭설로 기차가 연착되었다.
4. due to【문미】
“∼에게 돌려야 할”ㆍ“∼에 기인하는”ㆍ“∼때문에”
ex-1) The accident was due to careless driving.
그 사고는 그의 부주의가 원인이었다.
ex-2) The delay was due to the bad weather.
늦은 것은 날씨가 나빴기 때문이다.
5. of
“∼때문에”ㆍ“∼으로”
(※ 죽은 원인이 ‘병’일 때는 of를, 그 외는 from을 쓴다.
단, come 다음에 ‘원인’을 나타낼 때는 of가 쓰인다.)
ex-1) sick of delays 꾸물거리는 데 진절머리나서
ex-2) die of cancer 암으로 죽다
ex-3) He died of consumption.
ex-4) Your illness comes of drinking too much.
=Your inllness comes from drinking too much.
ex-5) He died from some unkown cause.
ex-6) He died from the wound.
ex-7) be ashamed of ∼을 부끄러워하다
ex-8) of necessity 필연적으로, 반드시
ex-9) of right 당연히, 정당히
ex-10) They went of their own will. 그들은 자진해서 나갔다.
ex-11) The door opened of itself. 문이 저절로 열렸다.
ex-12) be tired of ∼에 싫증나다, 물리다
=be bored of
6. from【직접 원인】
“∼에서”ㆍ“∼때문에”ㆍ“∼으로 해서”
ex-1) act from necessity 필요해서 행동하다
ex-2) act from a sense of duty 책임감에서 행동하다
ex-3) get ill from overwork 과로로 해서 병이 나다
ex-4) suffer from influenza 독감에 걸리다
ex-5) suffer from a cold 감기에 걸리다
ex-6) be tired from ∼으로 지치다【주로 육체적인 원인】
7. through【간접 원인】
①【수단ㆍ매개ㆍ원인】“∼을 통하여”ㆍ“∼에 의하여”ㆍ“∼의 덕택으로”
ex-1) through a person's help 남의 원조로
ex-2) It was through you that he succeeded. 그가 성공한 것은 네 덕택이다.
②【동기ㆍ이유】“∼때문에”ㆍ“∼에서”ㆍ“∼의 까닭으로”
(※ neglect․careless․mistake․fault 등의 원인일 경우.)
ex-1) He lost his commission through neglect of duty.
ex-2) He lost his job through tardiness.
ex-3) run away through fear 무서워서 도망치다
ex-4) through one's carelessness 부주의로, 부주의 때문에
8. with
“∼인 까닭에”ㆍ“∼의 탓으로”
ex-1) He was shivering with cold.
ex-2) He trembled with fear.
ex-3) be bent with age 나이를 먹어 허리가 굽어 있다
ex-4) be blined with desire 욕심에 눈이 멀다
ex-5) She jumped up with joy. 그녀는 기뻐서 팔짝팔짝 뛰었다.
ex-6) be fed up with ∼으로 지치다, 피로하다【피로의 원인】
=be tired with
=be bored with
9. for
“∼때문에”ㆍ“∼이므로”ㆍ“∼의 까닭에”
ex-1) for what reason 왜, 무엇 때문에
ex-2) cry for pain 아파서 울다
ex-3) dance for joy 기뻐서 춤추다
ex-4) take medicine for a cold 감기에 걸려서 약을 먹다
ex-5) Switzerland is famous for its scenic beauty. 스위스는 풍경이 아름답기로 유명하다.
ex-6) He was respected for his virtues. 그는 그의 덕행 때문에 사람들의 존경을 받았다.
ex-7) She could not speak for tears. 그녀는 눈물 때문에 말을 할 수가 없었다.
10. at
“∼에 의해서”ㆍ“∼을 보고”ㆍ“∼을 듣고”
ex-1) at a person's insistence 남의 권고로
ex-2) at a person's instigation 남의 교사(敎唆)에 의해서
ex-3) be angry at a person's word 남의 말에 화를 내다
ex-4) be delighted at the result 그 결과를 기뻐하다
ex-5) be surprised at the sight 그 광경을 보고 놀라다
ex-6) tremble at the thought of ∼한 생각에 몸이 오싹해지다
ex-7) stop at nothing 무슨 일에도 기가 꺾이지 않다
ex-8) I am surprised at his coming. 그가 와 있는 데는 놀랐다.